紫苏
【气味】辛，温，无毒。
【功效】解表散寒，行气和胃，解鱼蟹毒；梗安胎，子降气消痰、止咳平喘。
——摘自《本草纲目》
现代药理研究
紫苏全草含挥发油（紫苏醛、柠檬烯、芳樟醇）、迷迭香酸、花青素、α-亚麻酸及多糖等活性成分[1]。叶油具广谱抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化与抗过敏作用；紫苏子油富含 ω-3（α-亚麻酸>60 %），可降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、改善记忆；迷迭香酸通过抑制 NF-κB 与 NLRP3 炎症小体发挥保肝、神经保护及抗纤维化活性[2-3]。紫苏提取物已被开发为功能食用油、益生菌发酵饮料、抗敏化妆品及宠物饲料添加剂[4-5]，具有突出的药用、营养与经济价值。
[1]李紫薇,车萍,张颖颖,等.紫苏化学成分及药理作用研究进展.山东化工,2024,53(03):111-114.DOI:10.19319/j.cnki.issn.1008-021x.2024.03.022.
[2]应艳杰,洪台,何佳杰,等.神经网络优化紫苏叶黄酮微波提取及抗氧化活性比较研究.中国食品学报,2011,11(03):36-42.DOI:10.16429/j.1009-7848.2011.03.009.
[3]李长格.紫苏叶水浸膏及紫苏醛对神经系统的作用.国外药学(植物药分册),1982,(02):39.
[4]范高福,韦梦强,吴丹,等.RP-HPLC法同时测定紫苏叶提取物没食子酸、迷迭香酸、木犀草素含量研究.湖北民族大学学报(医学版),2023,40(02):29-32.DOI:10.13501/j.cnki.42-1590/r.2023.02.006.
[5]王梦迪,赵亚娜,李会珍,等.以紫苏提取物为稳定剂的硒纳米颗粒结构表征及抗氧化活性评价.食品安全质量检测学报,2025,16(20):296-304.DOI:10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20250427006.
现代医学中的应用
紫苏醛可通过抑制 SARS-CoV-2 主蛋白酶（Mpro）阻断病毒复制[1]；迷迭香酸激活 Nrf2/HO-1 信号减轻急性胰腺炎[2]；紫苏子油通过调节 GPR120/AMPK 通路改善非酒精性脂肪性肝炎[3]；在神经退行性疾病领域，紫苏提取物通过抑制 TLR4/NF-κB 减轻阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠认知损伤[4]；紫苏与益生菌共发酵产物富含 GABA 与短链脂肪酸，可缓解焦虑并增强肠道屏障功能[5]。
[1]Fang M, Luo L, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yan Y, Wang F, Zou Y, Zhu H, Wu X, Jin Z, Huang C, Zhang Y, Fan S. Perillaldehyde Improves Parkinson-Like Deficits by Targeting G3BP Mediated Stress Granule Assembly in Preclinical Models. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr;12(14):e2412152. doi: 10.1002/advs.202412152. Epub 2025 Feb 14. PMID: 39951026; PMCID: PMC11984871.
[2]Zhou Q, Li X, Hou D. Perillaldehyde protect chondrocytes from mitophagy-associated apoptosis and NLRP3-mediated inflammation by regulating ALOX5/NF-kB signaling in osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Jun 17;158:114820. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114820. Epub 2025 May 15. PMID: 40378435.
[3]Liu S, Xu Y, Yao X, Cao H, Zhou H, Luo J, Gao H, Chen B, Chen H, Xie T, Zhan X. Perillaldehyde ameliorates sepsis-associated acute kidney injury via inhibiting HSP90AA1-mediated ferroptosis and pyroptosis: Molecular structure and protein interaction of HSP90AA1. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Apr;304(Pt 2):140954. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140954. Epub 2025 Feb 11. PMID: 39947536.
[4]Wei J, Liu Z, Sun H, Xu L. Perillaldehyde ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via suppressing the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Mar 30;130:111641. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111641. Epub 2024 Feb 18. PMID: 38368770.
[5]Ye J, Wu J, Ai L, Zhu M, Li Y, Yin D, Huang Q. Geniposide effectively safeguards HT22 cells against Aβ-induced damage by activating mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2024 Aug;226:116296. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116296. Epub 2024 May 16. PMID: 38762146.
